Nanoparticles are now in everything, including humans

Las nanopartículas están ahora en todo, incluidos los humanos

La nanotecnología, incluidos los nanosensores, se encuentra ahora en el polvo, el aire, el agua de lluvia, las plantas, el suelo, los alimentos, las vitaminas, los suplementos, la atención sanitaria, los medicamentos, los cosméticos, la ropa y en el interior del cuerpo humano. Las nanopartículas ingresan al cuerpo por inhalación, absorción en la piel, ingestión y mediante procedimientos médicos o dentales.

Entrada-de-nanomateriales-al-cuerpo-por-diferentes-rutas-y-sus-efectos.png

Credito de imagen

Vías-de-entrada-de-nanopartículas-en-el-cuerpo.png

Credito de imagen

Las nanopartículas de dióxido de titanio (NP de TiO2) son el nanomaterial más comúnmente producido e ingerido. Se utilizan en aditivos alimentarios, cosméticos, productos de cuidado personal y muchas otras cosas a nivel comercial. Las NP de TiO2 se acumulan por vía oral o por inhalación. Estamos siendo saturados de partículas semiconductoras:

"El óxido de titanio (TiO2) es un material con amplias aplicaciones debido a sus propiedades ópticas y electrónicas. Se utiliza como ingrediente en lociones de protección solar y productos alimenticios, como pigmento en pinturas y como semiconductor en la degradación fotocatalítica de compuestos orgánicos".

Estudio de la banda prohibida de nanopartículas de dióxido de titanio sintetizadas mediante el método Sol-Gel y un tratamiento hidrotermal

Nanotecnología en polvo

El polvo inteligente crea redes que contienen sensores, software de computadora, capacidades de comunicación inalámbrica y tienen su propia fuente de alimentación autónoma.

Nanotecnología en el aire

Aerosol

Medición de nanopartículas atmosféricas: cerrar la brecha entre las moléculas en fase gaseosa y las partículas más grandes

Muchas nanopartículas utilizadas en aerosoles y rociadas en el aire tienen un doble propósito, lo que significa que son capaces de realizar más de una función y es posible que cumplan más de un objetivo. Este documento sobre la modificación de la radiación solar en aerosol analiza las " aplicaciones potenciales en tecnologías biológicas, electrónicas y cuánticas".

Aerogel de sílice dopado con diamante para geoingeniería solar

"Opinión de expertos: Las tecnologías basadas en aerosoles pueden usarse para diseñar nanopartículas con la funcionalidad deseada."

Fabricación de nanopartículas a base de aerosoles y sus aplicaciones en campos biomédicos.

"En la atmósfera, las nanopartículas tienen una importancia fundamental para los procesos químicos y físicos".

- Instituto de Meteorología e Investigación del Clima Investigación de Aerosoles Atmosféricos, Instituto Tecnológico de Karlsruhe

Existe una larga lista de nanomateriales utilizados en modificación climática/geoingeniería. Algunos son capaces de afectar la atmósfera y al mismo tiempo construir nanorredes dentro del cuerpo humano. Sin embargo, no todos los nanomateriales se autoensamblan una vez dentro del cuerpo.

Nanomateriales llamados nanotubos de carbono están apareciendo en los pulmones de los niños:

Nanotubos de carbono antropogénicos encontrados en las vías respiratorias de niños parisinos

¿Qué son los nanotubos de carbono?

CIA Director John Brennan speaking on geoengineering and Statospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI), a form of Solar Radiation Mamagement (SRM).

Solar Radiation Management (SRM):

This is also known as solar engineering and involves reflecting sunlight back into space to cool the planet.

Inhaling nanoparticles as a result of Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) using stratospheric aerosol injections is discussed in the document below:

“Using available evidence, we describe the potential direct occupational and public health impacts of exposures to aerosols likely to be used for SRM, including environmental sulfates, black carbon, metallic aluminum, and aluminum oxide aerosols. We speculate on possible health impacts of exposure to one promising SRM material, barium titanate, using knowledge of similar nanomaterials.

Human exposures to materials used for SRM could occur during the manufacture, transportation, deployment and post-deployment of these materials. In this paper, unless otherwise stated, inhalation is the primary route of exposure considered.

Population exposures:

Due to atmospheric circulation and gravitational deposition, large-scale population exposures to atmospherically-injected SRM materials will almost certainly occur after their deployment. Population exposures could also occur through ingestion of food and water contaminated with deposited particles, as well as transdermally. Unlike occupational exposures, there has been virtually no research done to estimate ground-level personal exposures to SRM materials…

In contrast to occupational exposures, population exposures to SRM materials will be continuous and prolonged over months to years, but will likely be orders of magnitude lower than those experienced occupationally. Thus the health effects will be primarily chronic in nature. The use of PPE to reduce personal exposures to deposited SRM materials is not feasible on a population scale."

Assessing the direct occupational and public health impacts of solar radiation management with stratospheric aerosols

Congressionally Mandated Research Plan and an Initial Research Governance Framework Related To Solar Radiation Modification

Nanoparticles Sulfur dioxide (SiO2) and Silicon dioxide (SiO2) as precursors in aircraft aerosol us in Solar Radiation Management (SRM):

Multicomponent new particle formation from sulfuric acid, ammonia, and biogenic vapors
New Particle Formation and Growth in the Troposphere
Process-induced particle formation in the sputtering and reactive ion etching of silicon and silicon dioxide
Understanding the Formation Mechanisms of Silicon Particles from the Thermal Disproportionation of Hydrogen Silsesquioxane
Unraveling the role of silicon in atmospheric aerosol secondary formation: a new conservative tracer for aerosol chemistry
The article below connects Solar Radiation Managment and Geoengineering to Blockchain. (Click here for more on Blockchain and how it connects with other aspects of the Biodigital Convergence.)
Geoengineering and the blockchain: Coordinating Carbon Dioxide Removal and Solar Radiation Management to tackle future emissions

Credito de imagen

Nanoparticles in cloud brightening:

This Scientific American article linked below about the same project reads, “The experiment is spraying microscopic salt particles into the air…” Note their misleading use of the word ‘microscopic’.

Researcher Pete Ramón points out:

“Microscale can never be nanoscale in terms of measurement. When non-scientific authors use micro- to describe nano- they're wrong, but when scientists in the field use micro- to describe nano-, it's intentionally misleading/confusing the reader. That said, nanomaterials can be coagulated/agglomerated/grown to create micro-sized materials. Also, creating nanomaterials from micro can also be done via techniques such as ablation and sonication.”

Geoengineering Test Quietly Launches Salt Crystals into Atmosphere (2024)

This article linked below reads, “Developing a new cloud-aerosol research instrument for use in small-scale field studies. This new research instrument generates controlled volumes and sizes of tiny, sub-micrometer seawater particles in sufficient numbers to increase the local brightness of low clouds in a marine environment"

Researcher Pete Ramón points out their use of the word “sub-micrometer” means by definition that it is nanoscale. If it’s in the nanoscale, we are talking about nanoparticles. Specifically, nanoparticles being released into the sky.

Marine Cloud Brightening Program

Salt particles ranging in size from 30-100 nanometers are the most effective for spraying.

“Factors determining the most efficient spray distribution for marine cloud brightening”

Nanoparticles in cloud seeding:

Water molecules in the atmosphere are too small to combine on their own to form cloud droplets. To form condensation, they need something larger to condense on (preferably flatter surface and at least one micrometer in size). That’s where cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) come in, otherwise known as cloud seeds.

Cloud seeds, or cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), are created by new particle formation (NPF), which are created by even smaller particles forming together.

“Nucleation” sums up this process, where extremely small aerosol particles form larger particles in the sky.

The scale of nucleation in the atmosphere ranges in the pico-/nano- scale of measurement. NPF may sometimes begin as tiny as picoparticles, build into nanoparticles, then cluster into bigger microparticles.

Atmospheric nanoparticles are referred to as Aitken nuclei by The American Meteorological Society (named after John Aitken).

"It's easier for water vapor to condense into water droplets when it has a particle to condense upon. These particles, such as dust and pollen, are called condensation nuclei. Eventually, enough water vapor condenses on pieces of dust, pollen, and other condensation nuclei to form a cloud." Clouds and How They Form
“There are two ingredients needed for clouds to form: water and nuclei.” How Clouds Form
“The smallest long lived nanoparticles in the atmosphere (radius<2 nm) condense from evaporated meteoric material in the mesopause region (h~85 km).” KIT- Atmospheric Aerosol Research
Atmospheric Nanoparticles
Atmospheric nanoparticle growth
Atmospheric nanoparticles and climate change
Nanoparticle Synthesis & Environmental Nanotechnology
“Nanoparticles are a key component of atmospheric aerosols…” Atmospheric nanoparticles formed from heterogeneous reactions of organics
“Atmospheric nanoparticles can be formed either via nucleation in atmosphere or be directly emitted to the atmosphere.” Overview of Sources and Characteristics of Nanoparticles in Urban Traffic-Influenced Areas
Application of Tropospheric Sulfate Aerosol Emissions to Mitigate Meteorological Phenomena with Extremely High Daily Temperatures
Clouds and Aerosols
The dependency of geoengineered sulfate aerosol on the emission strategy
An interactive stratospheric aerosol model intercomparison of solar geoengineering by stratospheric injection of SO2 or accumulation-mode sulfuric acid aerosols
Modelling the size distribution of geoengineered stratospheric aerosols
Particle number concentrations and size distributions in the stratosphere: implications of nucleation mechanisms and particle microphysics
An invention for cloud seeding using nanotechnology, involving graphene oxide and silica dioxide nanoparticles: “3d reduced graphene oxide/sio 2 composite for ice nucleation”
Scientists advance cloud-seeding capabilities with nanotechnology
'Atmospheric clusters to nanoparticles: Recent progress and challenges in closing the gap in chemical composition' (Journal of Aerosol Science)
'Measurement of atmospheric nanoparticles: Bridging the gap between gas-phase molecules and larger particles' (Journal of Environmental Sciences)
National Center of Meteorology: UAE Rain Enhancement Program on the use of (titanium dioxide) salt/TiOz core-shell nanoparticles in the sky
Using nanotechnology to accelerate the water condensation nucleation and growth for rain enhancement
Nucleation and Growth of Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere
Journal of Aerosol Science- A tutorial guide on new particle formation experiments using a laminar flow reactor
Patent: Laminar microjet atomizer and method of aerial spraying of liquids
"The hygroscopic seeding material was detected in cloud droplets" CAIPEEX: Indian Cloud Seeding Scientific Experiment (2023)

"Releasing charge into natural droplet systems such as fog and clouds offers a route to influence their properties. To facilitate charge release across a wide range of altitudes and meteorological circumstances—such as developing clouds—a charge emitter has been developed for integration with the conventional cloud-seeding flares carried by crewed cloud-seeding aircraft. This allows charge emitters to be used alongside, or instead of, conventional particle releasing flares.”

Aerosol for geo

nano in everything releasing charge.jpeg

"(a) Beechcraft King Air C90 aircraft modified for cloud seeding missions, showing a flare rack under the wing that carries up to 24 conventional seeding flares. (b) Installation of a flare emitter in the lowered flare rack."

Providing charge emission for cloud seeding aircraft (2024)

Weather Modification Incorporated:

Crédito del vídeo

Plasmónica en aerosoles:

¿Qué es la plasmónica ?

Las nanobarras de oro plasmónico se utilizan en aerosoles.
"... demostramos experimentalmente un aerosol plasmónico mediante la transición de suspensiones líquidas de nanobarras de oro a la fase gaseosa"
Aerosoles plasmónicos
Aquí se analizan las nanobarras de oro plasmónicas y su papel en los aerosoles utilizados en geoingeniería: Aerosoles plasmónicos
Plasmonics en las nubes
Aerosoles plasmónicos
Aerosoles plasmónicos en las nubes: "Cerca de 2.650.000 resultados"

Pistas de barcos:

Las nanopartículas de los buques marítimos se liberan al aire en forma de “huellas de barcos”, rayas de nubes producto de las emisiones de los barcos que pueden alcanzar varios kilómetros de ancho y varios cientos de kilómetros de largo.

“'Huellas de barcos' sobre el norte del Océano Pacífico. Estos patrones se producen cuando las partículas finas de los gases de escape de los barcos flotan en una capa húmeda de la atmósfera. Las partículas siembran nuevas nubes o atraen agua de las partículas de nubes existentes. Imagen tomada por el espectrorradiómetro de imágenes de resolución moderada (MODIS) a bordo del satélite Aqua de la NASA el 3 de julio de 2010. Cita y crédito de imagen.

Fuel additives:

Nanoparticles in the form of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), and metal oxides such as cerium oxide (CeO2) are used in fuel additives for internal combustion engines in planes, buses and ships. This is another example of dual purpose technology. The nanoparticles in fuel combustion release nanoparticles in the exhaust.

"…adding Cu, Fe, Pt and graphene nanoparticles to diesel-biodiesel fuel blends can improve combustion and reduce emissions to varying degrees.” The Effects of Nano-Additives Added to Diesel-Biodiesel Fuel Blends on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine: A Review
Effects of nanoscale fuel additives on properties and non-reacting spray performance of alternative, conventional and blended jet fuels at elevated ambient conditions
Evaporation Rate of Colloidal Droplets of Jet Fuel and Carbon-Based Nanoparticles: Effect of Thermal Conductivity
Nanoparticle Fuel Additives: Issues relating to nanoparticulate fuel additives
A review of fuel additives' effects and predictions on internal combustion engine performance and emissions

Sulfur as a fuel additive to create aerosol in planes is discussed here. "Options for dispersing gases from planes include the addition of sulfur to the fuel, which would release the aerosol through the exhaust system of the plane, or the attachment of a nozzle to release the sulfur from its own tank within the plane, which would be the better option.”

Benefits, risks, and costs of stratospheric geoengineering

Covering the earth in aerosol- from particle to plume:
"Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) is currently the most feasible climate intervention strategy and is being tested at ever increasing scales. It is critical to understand the global downstream impacts of these locally created interventions. However, in the finest detail, predictions require bridging scales from individual aerosol particles to large volumes of Earth’s atmosphere. Here the application of a novel discretization paradigm, the Eulerian-Lagrangian Point-Mass-Particle (ELPMP) discretization, is investigated as a method to model seeding, transport, and evolution of aerosols from injection-scale to Earth-scale impacts."

Resources devoted to the exposing of geoengineering:

“This interactive world map on geoengineering, prepared by ETC Group and the Heinrich Boell Foundation, sheds light on the alarming expansion of geoengineering research and experimentation. It builds on an earlier map of Earth Systems Experimentation published in 2012. That original map documented around 300 projects and experiments related to the field of geoengineering. Almost a decade later, more than 1,700 such projects have been identified- including past, ongoing and planned ones. When opening the map, only ongoing and planned projects are displayed, as well as those that have been completed or cancelled in the last five years. These include Carbon Removal and Solar Radiation Management as well as other geoengineering approaches. The map also contains Carbon Capture and Weather Modification projects. There is no complete record of weather and climate control projects so this map is necessarily partial.”

Interactive map of current geoengineering projects around the world

Nanotechnology in rainwater

Nanotechnology in plants

Nanotechnology in farming (including organic farming)

Nanofarming, precision farming, smart farming, plant nanobionics, and other such trends all incorporate the use of nanotechnology, including “organic” farming:

Tower gardens:

Nanotechnology in food

This is one way it enters your body. Nanoparticles can breach the blood-brain barrier.

Nanotechnology in food packaging:

“This study shows that a fraction of pharmaceutical/food grade titanium dioxide is absorbed systemically by humans following ingestion…In summary, we show here that a portion of ingested pharmaceutical and food grade TiO2, to which humans are very frequently orally exposed, is directly absorbed, as particles, into the blood stream of healthy volunteers.”
Pharmaceutical/food grade titanium dioxide particles are absorbed into the bloodstream of human volunteers

Nanotechnology in beverages

“The biodistribution study in major organs indicated that the NPs [nanoparticles] were easily accumulated in the digestive tract, and they were able to cross the blood-brain barrier and dispersed in the brain.”

Nanotechnology in vitamins and supplements

Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals

Nanotechnology in Nootropics

Nanotechnology in tobacco

Nanotechnology in healthcare

Biomedical and healthcare applications relating to the Internet of Bio-Nano-Things (IoBNT) are discussed in the video below, such as floating nanosensors in the bloodstream that eavesdrop on molecular communication and report to devices outside of the body. The connecting of electronic and implantable devices such as brain implants, smart glasses, cardiac pacemakers, gastric stimulators, smart watches, insulin pumps, foot drop implants, and smart shoes with biological devices including artificial organs, engineered immune system cells, engineered gut microbes, and engineered tissue for regenerative medicine are also talked about.
The video also discusses how remotely controllable nanobots operate in the body, using nanotechnology and MEMS to engineer cells into biosensors, communication using Molecular Communication (MC), the making of “biological computers”, engineering the DNA of bacteria to create processors, and injecting memories into living cells by encoding the DNA of bacteria.

Dr. Bige Deniz Unluturk- Molecular Communication Platforms at Multiple Scales (video)

Biomedical Applications of Quantum Dots: Overview, Challenges, and Clinical Potential

Equipment:

3D bioprinting is used in the making of healthcare equipment (face masks, face shields, rapid detection kits, testing swabs, biosensors, and various ventilator components):

“Sensing and 3D printing technologies in personalized healthcare for the management of health crises including the COVID-19 outbreak”

Injections:

Covid-19 shots contain self assembling nanotechnology. This is well documented and will be only touched on briefly given the large scope of this subject.

The Covid shots were created utilizing 3D bioprinting with programmable shape-shifting nanotechnology enabled smart materials. See more here.

Nano in Food

Healthcare

Other routes of injecting nanotech are talked about by Professor Ian Akyıldız. He discusses injecting remotely programable nano machines to help fight disease, complete with gateways and bio cyber interfaces with two way communication.

Science and Society Meetings - XI, Prof. Dr. İlhan Fuat Akyıldız, Georgia University

Nanobots that self replicate are used in chemotherapy, “vaccines”, gene therapy, and more:

Nano pharmacology/Nanomedicine:

The following two lectures describe ways in which nanoparticles enter human cells in relation to pharmacology:

“Currently more than 50 nanomedicine formulations have been approved for clinical use, as recently reviewed by multiple authors: These marketed nanomedicine formulations are approved for cancer treatment, iron-replacement therapies, anesthetics, fungal treatments, macular degeneration, and for the treatment of genetic rare diseases. Nano/microparticle imaging agents have also been included in the statistics. The majority of approved NP classes are represented by liposomes, iron colloids, protein-based NP, nano-emulsions, nanocrystals and metal oxide nanoparticles. The three new formulations mentioned in the previous section, not only show that the number of formulations approved are steadily increasing, but that new generations of nanomedicine are now reaching the market.”

Delivering the power of nanomedicine to patients today (2020)

Iron oxide nanoparticles can be introduced into the body through medicine. The following discuss medical applications of iron oxide in relation to pharmacology:

Iron Oxide and Gold Based Magneto-Plasmonic Nanostructures for Medical Applications: A Review

"Plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the most promising and studied inorganic nanomaterials for different biomedical applications… Herein, we review recently reported bioconjugated plasmonic NPs using different chemical approaches and loading cargoes (such as drugs, genes, and proteins) for enhancement of transdermal delivery across biological tissues.”

Bioconjugated Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Skin Penetration

The use of gold nanoparticles in therapy for cancer treatment is discussed in this document.

“Targeted hyperthermia with plasmonic nanoparticles”

Smart pill from MIT monitors and medicates via Bluetooth

3D Printing of a Multi-Layered Polypill Containing Six Drugs Using a Novel Stereolithographic Method

CDRH Review of Medical Devices Containing Nanoscale Materials

Towards hospital-on-chip supported by 2D MXenes-based 5th generation intelligent biosensors

Homeopathy as Nanomedicine, Ayurvedice Nanomedicine, and Allopathic Nanomedicine, Nanoparticle herbs:

Traditional and alternative medicines are now being used in nanoparticle form, and may be included under the category of nano pharmacology.

Orthopedic implants:

Traditional orthopedic implants now include nanotechnology. Specifically, implantable sensors- a variation of Internet or Bio-Nano-Things (IoBNT). 4D bioprinting is utilized.

The Homeland Defense & Security Information Analysis Center (HDIAC), which is part of the U.S. Department of Defense’s Information Analysis Center (IAC), talks about implantable nano sensors in the following webinar:

HDIAC Webinar - Bringing the Hospital to the Patient: Advances in Implantable Nano Sensors

Dr. Tom Webster, professor of chemical engineering at Northeastern University, talks more about implantable nano sensors in this brief video:

HDIAC podcast- Nano Sensors

Nanotechnology in dentistry