“This study…investigated the hypothesis that ‘significant beneficial influences can be derived through judicious exploitation of the solar absorption potential of carbon black dust.’ The study ultimately found that this technology could be used to enhance rainfall on the mesoscale, generate cirrus clouds, and enhance cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) clouds in otherwise dry areas...Can this type of precipitation enhancement technology have military applications? Yes, if the right conditions exist…If precipitation enhancement techniques are successfully developed and the right natural conditions also exist, we must also be able to disperse carbon dust into the desired location…Numerous dispersal techniques have already been studied, but the most convenient, safe, and cost-effective method discussed is the use of afterburner-type jet engines to generate carbon particles while flying through the targeted air…we can postulate how this technology might be used in the future by examining some of the delivery platforms conceivably available for effective dispersal of carbon dust or other effective modification agents in the year 2025…

If this UAV technology were combined with stealth and carbon dust technologies, the result could be a UAV aircraft invisible to radar while en route to the targeted

area, which could spontaneously create carbon dust in any location…

In addition to using stealth UAV and carbon dust absorption technology for precipitation enhancement, this delivery method could also be used for precipitation suppression.“

U.S. Air Force- Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025

​

“A Navy chemist has proved that carbon black can make or break a cloud…she has already demonstrated that carbon black, absorbing heat from the sun, can change atmospheric conditions enough to create clouds or to break them up quickly.”

Carbon Black Controls Clouds

​​

“The only approach that might be feasible is to perform wide-area seeding with soot or carbonaceous aerosols [carbon black dust] which would absorb solar radiation and warm cirrus layers enough to perhaps dissipate cirrus clouds…”

Weather and Climate Engineering​

​

Weather Modification by Carbon Dust Absorption of Solar Energy

​

Weather Modification by Carbon Dust Absorption of Solar Energy (1974)​​

​​

Black carbon (sometimes labeled ‘soot’) used in weather modification and geoengineering:

“On account of its strong absorption of solar and terrestrial radiation, black carbon (BC) aerosol is known to impact large-scale systems…”

Possible climatic implications of high-altitude black carbon emissions

​

“However, a group of scientists- including from the Indian Institute of Science and ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre- say they now have evidence of [black carbon] particles existing up to 18 km into the stratosphere and there are about 10,000 of them in every cubic centimeter…Given the shape and location of these particles, they argue, it could only derive from emissions from aviation fuel…”

Aeroplanes may be affecting ozone layer

​​

“The emitted black carbon (BC) particles, which are agglomerates of nearly spherical primary particles mainly composed of graphene lamellae, absorb sunlight and may also increase the cirrus cloudiness, and modify the optical thickness of already-existing cirrus.”

A number-based inventory of size-resolved black carbon particle emissions by global civil aviation

​

“This research suggests that soot particles contain a ‘reduced graphene oxide-like skeleton’ within their microstructure…”

A new understanding of the microstructure of soot particles: The reduced graphene oxide-like skeleton and its visible-light driven formation of reactive oxygen species

​

“The detected metallic compounds were all internally mixed with the soot particles...In addition, the emitted particles could act as Ice Nucleating Particles (INP) and affect natural clouds…The largest radiative forcing arises from the induced cirrus caused by the possible evolution of linear contrails into persisting cirrus clouds…These spreading cirrus clouds can become undistinguishable from naturally (e.g. synoptically or orographically) evolved cirrus clouds…”

Chemical characterization of freshly emitted particulate matter from aircraft exhaust using single particle mass spectrometry

​

David Keith likening commercial aircraft contrails to geoengineering projects: “You can't write legislation that says you can't put sulfur in the stratosphere since every commercial flight does that.”

Insight: How two weather balloons led Mexico to ban solar geoengineering

​​

Sulfur as a fuel additive to create aerosol in planes is discussed here. "Options for dispersing gases from planes include the addition of sulfur to the fuel, which would release the aerosol through the exhaust system of the plane, or the attachment of a nozzle to release the sulfur from its own tank within the plane, which would be the better option.”

Benefits, risks, and costs of stratospheric geoengineering​​​​​​

​​

“Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), formed in commercial aircraft operations via fuel-S (goes to) SO2 (goes to) SO3 (goes to) H2SO4 plays an important role in the formation of contrails.”

NASA: Sulfur Oxidation and Contrail Precursor Chemistry

​​

“For the formation of atmospheric nanoparticles, sulfuric acid (H2SO4, SA) has been recognized as a critical component in the nucleation process because of its low vapor pressure and strong intermolecular interactions with other atmospheric species.”

Measurement of atmospheric nanoparticles: Bridging the gap between gas-phase molecules and larger particles

​

“Our simulations show that sulfur dioxide is converted into sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid…allowing a visible contrail to appear earlier.”

CFD simulation of contrail formation in the near field of a commercial aircraft: Effect of fuel sulfur content

​

Fuel additives used for internal combustion engines in planes (as well as buses and ships) also contain nanoparticles in the form of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), and metal oxides such as cerium oxide (CeO2) that are released in the exhaust.

 

“The addition of nanoparticles to diesel-biodiesel has emerged as one of the most effective and promising fuels…the addition of added alumina [improved fuel performance]…Hosseini conducted experiments on a CI single-cylinder engine by adding carbon nanotubes to diesel-biodiesel fuel blends…They investigated the effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles on engine performance and emission characteristics...Similarly, adding Cu, Fe, Pt and graphene nanoparticles to diesel-biodiesel fuel blends can improve combustion and reduce emissions to varying degrees.” The Effects of Nano-Additives Added to Diesel-Biodiesel Fuel Blends on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine: A Review

​​

“The researchers are now testing other types of nanoparticles, including hollow carbon nanotubes, and investigating the effects of nano-additives to engine lubrication and cooling systems…[Anand] cautions that nanoparticles ‘should be used judiciously,’ because they tend to ‘entrain into human bodies.’”

Nanoparticles increase biofuel performance (2011)

​​

“Particularly in aerospace applications, the potential implementations of [carbon nanotubes] have been predicted to have a large impact on future aircraft and space vehicles…”

Potential and prospective implementation of carbon nanotubes on next generation aircraft and space vehicles: A review of current and expected applications in aerospace sciences

​

Effects of nanoscale fuel additives on properties and non-reacting spray performance of alternative, conventional and blended jet fuels at elevated ambient conditions

​

Evaporation Rate of Colloidal Droplets of Jet Fuel and Carbon-Based Nanoparticles: Effect of Thermal Conductivity

​

Nanoparticle Fuel Additives: Issues relating to nanoparticulate fuel additives

​

A review of fuel additives' effects and predictions on internal combustion engine performance and emissions​

​​​

“We found graphene oxide and oxidized quasi-carbon nitride quantum dots had profound effects in controlling ice shape and inhibiting ice growth.”
Bioinspired Materials for Controlling Ice Nucleation, Growth, and Recrystallization

​

Plasmonic nanoparticles in aerosols used in geoengineering:

What is plasmonics?

“Moreover, ultrafine aerosol particles (diameter < 50 nm), where once thought to be too small to influence cloud formation, have recently been shown to significantly intensify the convective strength of cloud systems,' indicating that nanoparticle aerosols may also be used for geoengineering applications. The influence of nanoparticle aerosols on cloud formation is extremely complex and hard to disentangle…”

Plasmonic aerosols

​

Plasmonics in the Clouds

​​

Geoengineering in the form of ion-induced nucleation from jet fuel:

Charged particles released into the atmosphere from jet exhaust can attract water vapor and lead to cloud formation. 

 

"Electric charge is always present in the lower atmosphere. If droplets or aerosols become charged, their behavior changes, influencing collision, evaporation, and deposition. Artificial charge release is an unexplored potential geoengineering technique for modifying fogs, clouds, and rainfall. Central to evaluating these processes experimentally in the atmosphere is establishing an effective method for charge delivery. A small charge-delivering remotely piloted aircraft has been specially developed for this, which is electrically propelled. It carries controllable bipolar charge emitters (nominal emission current ±5 μA) beneath each wing, with optical cloud and meteorological sensors integrated into the airframe. Meteorological and droplet measurements are demonstrated to 2 km altitude by comparison with a radiosonde, including within cloud, and successful charge emission aloft verified by using programmed flight paths above an upward-facing surface electric field mill. This technological approach is readily scalable to provide nonpolluting fleets of charge-releasing aircraft, identifying and targeting droplet regions with their own sensors. Beyond geoengineering, agricultural, and biological aerosol applications, safe ionic propulsion of future electric aircraft also requires detailed investigation of charge effects on natural atmospheric droplet systems."

Demonstration of a Remotely Piloted Atmospheric Measurement and Charge Release Platform for Geoengineering

​

“Dusty plasmas refer to plasmas that contain charged solid or liquid particles, commonly known as dust. These particles can have either negative or positive charges and are naturally found in various space environments such as planetary rings, comet tails, and interplanetary clouds. Dusty plasmas are also studied in laboratories and are often referred to as complex plasmas in scientific literature.”

Dusty Plasmas

​

“A dusty plasma (or complex plasma) is a plasma containing nanometer or micrometer-sized particles suspended in it. Dust particles may be charged and the plasma and particles behave as a plasma [1] [2], following electromagnetic laws for particle up to about 10 nm (or 100 nm if large charges are present)…They are of special interest, since they can form liquid and crystalline states, plasma crystals, and the dynamics of the charged dust grains are directly observable.”

Dusty plasma

 

Physics and applications of dusty plasmas

​

The Role of Ion Chemistry in the Solar Geoengineering

​

Negative chemiions formed in jet fuel combustion

​

“Here, we use a kinetic ion-mediated and homogeneous nucleation model to study the formation of H2SO4 particles in aircraft exhaust plumes with direct injection of H2SO4 vapor. We find that under the conditions that produce particles of desired sizes (diameter ∼200-300 nm), nucleation occurs…Nucleation on chemiions occurs first, followed by neutral new particle formation, which converts most of the injected H2SO4 vapor to particles.”

On Nucleation Pathways and Particle Size Distribution Evolutions in Stratospheric Aircraft Exhaust Plumes with H2SO4 Enhancement

​

“The nanoparticles (diameter < 50 nm) emitted by diesel engines have received increasing attention due to their potential health effects. We propose that chemiions generated during combustion play an important role in the formation of these nanoparticles.”

Chemiions and nanoparticle formation in diesel engine exhaust

​

“A large number of chemi-ions (CIs) are expected to be present in aircraft exhaust because ion production via high-temperature chemical reactions is known to occur in the combustion of carbon-containing (not necessarily sulfur-containing) fuels.”

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Aerosol Emission and Formation in Aircraft Plumes

​

Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles

​

Gaseous and Particulate Emissions with Jet Engine Exhaust and Atmospheric Pollution

​

Who’s behind geoengineering?